Friday, May 3, 2013

Hagel: US rethinking possibly arming Syrian rebels

WASHINGTON (AP) ? The Obama administration is rethinking its opposition to arming the rebels who have been locked in a civil war with the Syrian regime for more than two years, Defense Secretary Chuck Hagel said Thursday, becoming the first top U.S. official to publicly acknowledge the reassessment.

During a Pentagon news conference with British Defense Secretary Philip Hammond, Hagel said arming the rebels was one option that the administration was considering in consultation with its allies. But he said he personally had not decided whether it would be a wise or appropriate move.

"Arming the rebels ? that's an option," he said. "You look at and rethink all options. It doesn't mean you do or you will. ... It doesn't mean that the president has decided on anything."

Hammond said his country was still bound by a European Union arms embargo on Syria, but he said Britain would look at the issue again in a few weeks when the ban expires and make a decision based on the evolving situation on the ground.

Hagel's comments affirmed what had been a quiet but emerging dialogue within the Obama administration: That arming the rebels might be preferable amid growing indications that the Syrian regime has used chemical weapons against its own people, an action President Barack Obama characterized as a "game-changer" that would have "enormous consequences."

Asked for his thoughts on the evolving issue, Obama said Thursday that the U.S. will continue to evaluate its options.

"We want to make sure that we look before we leap and that what we're doing is actually helpful to the situation as opposed to making it more deadly or more complex," Obama said at a news conference in Mexico.

Both Hagel and Hammond also indicated that strong evidence still was needed to provide a solid legal basis for any military action the U.S. or its allies might take. While neither would detail the evidence already collected from several reported incidents of chemical weapons use by the Bashar Assad regime, Hammond said the public still remembers that claims of weapons of mass destruction in Iraq in 2003 turned out to be untrue.

"There is a very strong view that we have to have very clear, very high-quality evidence before we make plans and act on that evidence," Hammond said. "If there were future use of chemical agents, that would generate new opportunities for us to establish a clear evidence of use to a legal standard of evidence."

Officials have said that intelligence assessments of the use of sarin gas in Syria are based in part on "physiological samples," which could include human tissue, blood or other body materials, in addition to soil samples. Asked whether the U.S. and Britain have separate samples or are examining the same material, Hammond declined to specify, but said the two countries were working closely on the analysis.

Hagel said each country uses its own intelligence agencies but works to share information with allies.

Administration officials said Wednesday that arming the opposition forces was seen as more likely than any other military option. They cited U.S. intelligence beliefs that the rebels may be distancing themselves from the al-Qaida-linked group there. The officials spoke on condition of anonymity because they weren't authorized to discuss publicly the options under consideration.

Some senior leaders, including Gen. Martin Dempsey, chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, have been publicly skeptical about the wisdom of arming the rebels because of concerns that U.S. weapons could end up in the hands of al-Qaida-linked groups helping the Syrian opposition or other extremists, such as Lebanon-based Hezbollah.

But officials say there is a growing realization that, under increasing pressure from Congress and other allied nations, the U.S. might soon have to do more for the Free Syrian Army.

The administration announced last week that it believed Assad has used chemical weapons but said the intelligence wasn't definitive.

Damascus has denied it has used chemical weapons, saying the Syrian rebels were trying to frame the regime.

Asked about Syria's chemical weapons caches, Hammond said Britain believes the Assad regime remains in control of its principal weapons sites.

"I think we have a great deal of knowledge of location of chemical weapons," Hammond said. "That is not the same as saying that I can put my hand on my heart and say we know where every last item is."

Other military options under discussion include creating a no-fly zone over the country or a limited safe zone where Syrians could be free from violence. There has been little appetite for putting U.S. military boots on the ground in Syria.

Syria's two-year civil war has left an estimated 70,000 people dead and hundreds of thousands of refugees.

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/hagel-us-rethinking-possibly-arming-syrian-rebels-225040471.html

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Jamestown settlers resorted to cannibalism, skeleton reveals

Facing starvation, Jamestown colonists resorted to consuming the flesh of a deceased 14-year-old girl, reveals an analysis of remains found at America's first permanent English settlement.?

By Eoin O'Carroll,?Staff / May 2, 2013

A forensic facial reconstruction produced by StudioEIS of Brooklyn, New York, in consultation with Smithsonian researchers, based on human remains excavated at James Fort, Jamestown, Virginia by the Jamestown Rediscovery Project, is pictured in this handout provided by the Smithsonian Institution.

Courtesy of Donald Hurlbert/Smithsonian Institute/Reuters

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Born about 1595, Jane hailed from England's southern coast. She was likely the daughter of a gentleman, and her ship to the Americas likely arrived at?James Fort?in August 1609. It turned out to be one of the worst possible times to land at?the New World's first permanent English settlement.?

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'; } else if (google_ads.length > 1) { ad_unit += ''; } } document.getElementById("ad_unit").innerHTML += ad_unit; google_adnum += google_ads.length; return; } var google_adnum = 0; google_ad_client = "pub-6743622525202572"; google_ad_output = 'js'; google_max_num_ads = '1'; google_feedback = "on"; google_ad_type = "text"; google_adtest = "on"; google_image_size = '230x105'; google_skip = '0'; // --> Findings were proven through collaborative research efforts by Preservation Virginia's Jamestown Rediscovery Project (archaeology), The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation (historical context) and Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of Natural History (forensic anthropology).

Jane died that year, or possibly early the following year, and her flesh was eaten by her fellow settlers to fend off starvation.

These are the conclusions of those who examined Jane's bones, which represent the first physical evidence of cannibalism in Colonial America.?

What would later become the Jamestown settlement was founded two years earlier, in 1607. In many respects, the site chosen by?Captain Edward Maria Wingfield, who led the 104 settlers, was ideal. It was surrounded by three sides by navigable water and was a perfect defensive location. Most importantly, the spot was not inhabited by native Americans. ?

But there was a reason the Indians avoided the site: The land was swampy and unsuited for agriculture, the water brackish and undrinkable, and the air buzzing with mosquitoes. In any case, the settlers arrived too late to plant crops. Within a nine months, almost two thirds of the colonists had died.?

Hundreds more settlers arrived at James Fort, as it was called then, and that meant more mouths to feed. Relations between the colonists and the?Powhatan Indians, initially friendly, turned sour, and the natives laid siege to the settlement, trapping the colonists inside.?

The years 1609 and 1610 were known as the "starving time." Of the 500 colonists, only 61 survived.

George Percy, who led the settlers during the starving time, would later describe the desperation:?

Now all of us att James Towne beginneinge to feele the sharpe pricke of?hunger w[hi]ch noe man trewly descrybe butt he w[hi]ch hathe Tasted the?bitternesse thereof. A worlde of miseries ensewed as the Sequell will expresse?unto yow, in so mutche thatt some to satisfye their hunger have Robbed the?store for the w[hi]ch I Caused them to be executed. Then haveinge fedd?upour horses and other beastes as longe as they Lasted, we weare gladd to?make shifte w[i]th vermin as doggs Catts Ratts and myce all was fishe thatt?Came to Nett to satisfye Crewell hunger, as to eate Bootes shoes or any?other leather some Colde come by and those beinge Spente and devoured?some weare inforced to searche the woodes and to feede upon Serpentts and?snakes and to digge the earthe for wylde and unknowne Rootes, where many?of our men weare Cutt of and slayne by the Salvages. And now famin?beginneinge to Looke gastely and pale in every face, thatt notheinge was?Spared to mainteyne Lyfe and to doe those things w[hi]ch seame incredible,?as to digge upp deade corpes outt of graves and to eate them.

Many historians doubted Percy's accounts of cannibalism, but those doubts are now dispelled. The bones of Jane ? a name the researchers have given to the girl whose identity is unknown ? were spotted in?a refuse pit along with the skeletal remains of butchered horses and dogs?by a team of archaeologists led by William Kelso of Preservation Virginia.

"Our team has discovered partial human remains before, but the location of the discovery, visible damage to the skull and marks on the bones immediately made us realize this finding was unusual," said Dr. Kelso in a press release.

Jane's remains were analyzed by Douglas Owsley, a physical anthropologist at the Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History in Washington, who concluded, based on the cut marks on her skull and shinbone, that someone had stripped the meat from her bones.

"These people were in dire circumstances. So any flesh that was available would have been used," Dr. Owsley said?in an interview with Smithsonian Magazine, which broke the story on Wednesday. "The person that was doing this was not experienced and did not know how to butcher an animal. Instead, we see hesitancy, trial, tentativeness and a total lack of experience."

Owsley would know, having?analyzed many cannibalized remains from ancient history, as well as those of the first victim of Jeffrey Dahmer.

He doubts that Jane was murdered for food, however.??I don?t think that they killed her, by any stretch,? he told Smithsonian. ?It's just that they were so desperate, and so hard-pressed, that out of necessity this is what they resorted to.?

Jane's bones revealed other clues about her life. Her molars and the joint below her knee indicated her age, about 14 years old. Isotopes revealed a diet of English rye and barley, and plenty of meat, suggesting an upper-class background. Oxygen molecules indicate an English upbringing near the sea.?

Using a reproduction of her skull as a model, experts have reconstructed a bust of Jane, which will be on display as part of a new exhibition at Historic Jamestowne, which opens Friday.?

"The 'starving time' was brought about by a trifecta of disasters: disease, a serious shortage of provisions, and a full scale siege by the Powhatans that cut off Jamestown from outside relief," said Jamestown expert Jim Horn, in a press release. "Survival cannibalism was a last resort; a desperate means of prolonging life at a time when the settlement teetered on the brink of extinction."

Source: http://rss.csmonitor.com/~r/feeds/science/~3/AfJeqvnruM4/Jamestown-settlers-resorted-to-cannibalism-skeleton-reveals

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Stem cell discovery could aid research into new treatments

May 2, 2013 ? Scientists have made a fundamental discovery about how the properties of embryonic stem cells are controlled.

The study, which focuses on the process by which these cells renew and increase in number, could help research to find new treatments.

Researchers have found that a protein, which switches on genes to allow embryonic stem cells to self-renew, works better when the natural occurring level of the protein is reduced.

It was previously thought that once levels of this protein -- called Oct 4 -- were reduced the numbers of new stem cells being produced would also fall.

The finding will inform stem cell research, which is looking to find treatments for conditions including Parkinson's, motor neuron, liver and heart disease.

During embryonic development, cells that have the capacity to become any cell type in the body -- called pluripotent stem cells -- can either renew themselves by multiplying in number or differentiate to become cells found in different parts of the body, for instance skin or liver.

This need for pluripotent cells to increase in number is important so that there is a sufficient supply of them to be differentiated into other cell types.

Scientists at the Medical Research Council Centre for Regenerative Medicine at the University of Edinburgh found that when there were lower levels of Oct 4, the protein bound much more tightly to key parts of DNA in cells.

The strong attraction of Oct 4 to these sections of DNA enabled the efficient switching on of key genes that caused pluripotent stem cells to renew.

The findings could help to improve the way in which stem cells are cultured in the laboratory, providing a better understanding of the processes needed for cells to divide and multiply or to generate different cell types.

The study, published in the journal Cell Stem Cell, was funded by the Medical Research Council, the Wellcome Trust, the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council and the Human Frontier Science Programme

Professor Ian Chambers, of the MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine at the University, who led the study, said: "What we found was a complete surprise, as we thought that when levels of this key protein were reduced the numbers of pluripotent stem cells being generated would also fall. Instead, it appears that when the levels of Oct 4 are lower, the balance is tipped in favour of self-renewal over stem cell differentiation."

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Story Source:

The above story is reprinted from materials provided by University of Edinburgh.

Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.


Journal Reference:

  1. Violetta Karwacki-Neisius, Jonathan G?ke, Rodrigo Osorno, Florian Halbritter, Jia?Hui Ng, Andrea?Y. Wei?e, Frederick?C.K. Wong, Alessia Gagliardi, Nicholas?P. Mullin, Nicola Festuccia, Douglas Colby, Simon?R. Tomlinson, Huck-Hui Ng, Ian Chambers. Reduced Oct4 Expression Directs a Robust Pluripotent State with Distinct Signaling Activity and Increased Enhancer Occupancy by Oct4 and Nanog. Cell Stem Cell, 2013; 12 (5): 531 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2013.04.023

Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.

Disclaimer: This article is not intended to provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Views expressed here do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.

Source: http://feeds.sciencedaily.com/~r/sciencedaily/top_news/~3/7HWyL-X6AIc/130502131903.htm

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Thursday, May 2, 2013

Plan B goes over the counter for 15 and up

WASHINGTON (AP) ? In a surprise twist to the decade-plus effort to ease access to morning-after pills, the government is lowering the age limit to 15 for one brand ? Plan B One-Step ? and will let it be sold over the counter.

Today, Plan B and its generic competition are sold behind pharmacy counters, and people must prove they're 17 or older to buy the emergency contraception without a prescription. A federal judge had ordered an end to those sales restrictions by next Monday.

But Tuesday, the Food and Drug Administration approved a different approach: Plan B could sit on drugstore shelves next to condoms, spermicides or other women's health products ? but to make the purchase, buyers must prove they're 15 or older at the cash register.

Manufacturer Teva Women's Health, which had applied for the compromise path, said it planned to make the switch in a few months.

The question is whether Tuesday's action settles the larger court fight. Earlier this month, U.S. District Judge Edward Korman of New York blasted the Obama administration for imposing the age-17 limit, saying it had let election-year politics trump science and were making it hard for women of any age to obtain emergency contraception in time for it to work.

The FDA said Tuesday's decision was independent of the court case and wasn't intended to address it. The Justice Department remained mum on whether it planned to appeal Korman's ruling by Monday's deadline, and the White House had no immediate comment.

The women's group that sued over the age limits said Tuesday's action is not enough, and it will continue the court fight if necessary.

Lowering the age limit "may reduce delays for some young women but it does nothing to address the significant barriers that far too many women of all ages will still find if they arrive at the drugstore without identification," said Nancy Northup, president of the Center for Reproductive Rights.

The FDA said the Plan B One-Step will be packaged with a product code that prompts the cashier to verify a customer's age. Anyone who can't provide such proof as a driver's license, birth certificate or passport wouldn't be allowed to complete the purchase. In most states, driver's licenses, the most common form of identification, are issued at age 16.

"While an improvement over current policy, today's announcement is still disappointing," said Marcia D. Greenberger of the National Women's Law Center. "Because all women will be required to show an ID to establish their age, those without IDs could be denied access."

Other advocates called the move promising. "This decision is a step in the right direction for increased access to a product that is a safe and effective method of preventing unintended pregnancies," said Sen. Patty Murray, D-Wash. "It's also a decision that moves us closer to these critical availability decisions being based on science, not politics."

Social conservatives had opposed any efforts to loosen restrictions on sale of the morning-after pill, arguing that it was important for parents and medical professionals to be involved in such decisions involving young girls.

The group Concerned Women for America charged that health officials were putting politics and so-called progress ahead of the health of children as well as women.

"It makes no sense that kids need parental permission to take aspirin at school, but they're free to buy and administer Plan B," Penny Nance, CEO and president of CWA, said in a statement.

Half the nation's pregnancies every year are unintended, and doctors groups say more access to morning-after pills could cut those numbers. The pills contain higher doses of regular contraceptives and, if taken within 72 hours of unprotected sex, can cut the chances of pregnancy by up to 89 percent. But they work best if taken in the first 24 hours.

The FDA had been poised to lift all age limits and let Plan B be sold over the counter in late 2011, but Health and Human Services Secretary Kathleen Sebelius, in an unprecedented move, overruled her own scientists. Sebelius said some girls as young as 11 are physically capable of bearing children but shouldn't be able to buy the pregnancy-preventing pill on their own.

President Barack Obama supported Sebelius' move and a spokesman said the president's position hadn't changed.

The Justice Department could appeal Korman's ruling and seek a stay. If granted, the appeals process would move through the courts, while Plan B is sold over the counter whenever Teva has the product repackaged to meet the FDA's requirements.

Absent a stay, "we will want to go back to court as quickly as possible and ask the judge to hold them in contempt," said Janet Crepps, a senior counsel for the Center for Reproductive Rights.

The FDA said Tuesday that Teva had provided data proving that girls as young as 15 could understand how Plan B works and use it properly, without the involvement of a health care provider. Teva plans to conduct a consumer-education program and indicated it is willing to audit whether stores are following the age requirement, the agency said.

The FDA said its ruling applies only to Plan B One-Step, and not to generic versions of the pill, which would remain behind pharmacy counters with the age-17 restriction.

If a woman already is pregnant, the morning-after pill has no effect. It prevents ovulation or fertilization of an egg. According to the medical definition, pregnancy doesn't begin until a fertilized egg implants itself into the wall of the uterus. Still, some critics say Plan B is the equivalent of an abortion pill because it may also be able to prevent a fertilized egg from attaching to the uterus, a contention that many scientists ? and Korman, in his ruling ? said has been discredited.

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/fda-lowers-age-buyers-plan-b-pill-15-064053951.html

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Samsung Galaxy Stratosphere II (Verizon Wireless)


With so few keyboarded smartphones available, putting a good one out there should be a no brainer. And for a manufacturer as big and popular as Samsung, how hard can it be? How about this: Take an aging Galaxy S III, stick a sliding keyboard on it, and boom, you've got the best keyboarded Android phone out there. Instead, Samsung took a similar, but decidedly more low-end approach with the Galaxy Stratosphere II, which is basically a Samsung Galaxy Stellar?with a keyboard. At $49.99 it's priced to sell, and keyboard-crazed smartphone lovers will be sated, but this phone could have been much better than it is.

Design and Call Quality
The Galaxy Stratosphere II measures 4.97 by 2.58 by 0.53 inches (HWD) and weighs 5.43 ounces. It's a good size for single-handed use, though it does feel rather bulky compared with most other new phones. Then again, most other new phones don't feature a slide-out, five-row QWERTY keyboard. The phone's finish is a bit slippery, and the keyboard sliding mechanism is a bit stiff, so sliding the keyboard out can feel somewhat stilted, but if you like a good hardware keyboard, it's worth it. The Stratosphere II's keys are large, slightly raised, and clicky. I grew used to typing on it in no time and I love the dedicated row of number keys at the top. I just wish it wasn't attached to a phone that's so average.

The phone is made of a slippery black plastic with a dark gray band around the middle. There's a standard headphone jack at the top, a Power button on the right, a volume rocker on the left, and four backlit capacitive touch keys on the face of the phone, at the very bottom, below the display and Samsung logo.

The 4-inch, 800-by-480-pixel Super AMOLED display is serviceable, but it's not up to par with most of the competition in terms of size and resolution. I like inky color saturation, but the resolution could be higher, and the PenTile pixel layout makes text and images appear a bit fuzzy if you look closely.

The Stratosphere II works with Verizon 4G LTE as well as dual-band EV-DO Rev. A (850/1900 MHz), and supports quad-band GSM (850/900/1800/1900MHz) and HSPA/UMTS (2100MHz), so you can use it in over 205 countries across the world. The phone can be used as a mobile hotspot to provide a connection to up to 10 devices with the proper service plan, and it supports 802.11a/b/g/n Wi-Fi on the 2.4 and faster 5GHz bands. 4G LTE data speeds were fine in Manhattan, but nothing to write home about.

Voice quality, on the other hand, is excellent. Incoming calls sounded crisp, clear, and very loud in my tests. There's even an on-screen option? for 'Extra Volume,' though voice quality diminishes at very high levels. Calls made with the phone sounded clear and full, though the powerful noise-cancelling algorithm can cause voices to sound somewhat digitized (though it does wonders toward blocking out background noise). The speakerphone sounds fine and is loud enough to hear outside. Calls sounded good through a Jawbone Era?Bluetooth headset. The phone comes loaded with S-Voice, which is Samsung's answer to Siri, and I had no trouble using it over Bluetooth. Battery life was average at 9 hours and 24 minutes of talk time.?

Hardware, Android, and Apps
Powered by a 1.2GHz Qualcomm Snapdragon S4 Plus MSM8960 processor, benchmark scores were solid across the board, due in part to the Stratosphere II's lower screen resolution. You're not going to get quad-core-like performance here, but everything feels smooth, and you shouldn't have trouble running any of the 800,000+ apps or games available in the Google Play store.

The phone is running Android 4.1.2 (Jelly Bean) along with Samsung's TouchWiz UI overlay. There's no word on an update to Android 4.2.2 (Jelly Bean), but it's already been updated from the earlier version of Android 4.0 (Ice Cream Sandwich) it shipped with, so we can't really complain.

You get five home screens. Two of them are empty, while the other three come loaded with some standard apps and widgets, though you can customize them as you see fit. What you can't touch, however, is the large amount of bloatware Verizon has loaded onto this phone. There are apps from Amazon, Amex, and the NFL, to name a few, and you can't delete any of them. You can disable these apps so they don't show up on your app menu or anywhere else, but they'll still be taking up valuable space on your phone.

The Stratosphere II has NFC support, which doesn't have many real world applications yet, but is nice to have for the future. You also get Google's excellent suite of apps and services, including Gmail, Google Now, Maps, and YouTube. Samsung's Media Hub is also on hand to complement Google Play, but largely seems overpriced.

Multimedia and Conclusions
You get 4.45GB of free internal storage. There's also an empty, poorly placed microSD card slot underneath the battery cover. It's located directly on top of the SIM card slot, so that the two cards rest on top of each other. There's no indication you can stick a microSD card in it, so finding it was really a matter of blind luck. Once located, my 32 and 64GB SanDisk cards worked fine.

All of our music test files played back except for FLAC, and sound quality was fine over both wired 3.5mm as well as Bluetooth headphones. All test videos played back too, at resolutions up to 1080p.

The Stratosphere II's 5-megapixel camera is fine. Shutter speeds are rather slow, at 1.2 seconds, since you have to wait for the autofocus to lock in after you press the shutter button. Pictures look good, if a little soft, and colors are mostly accurate. Video capture is good, with 720p video recorded at a steady 30 frames per second indoors and out. There's also a standard 1.3-megapixel front-facing camera for video chat.

The Samsung Galaxy Stratosphere II is probably your best bet for a keyboarded smartphone on Verizon right now, but then again, there isn't much competition. The Pantech Marauder?is free, but it has a pretty lackluster camera and its keyboard isn't as good as the Stratosphere's. The Motorola Droid 4, on the other hand, has aged pretty well, and has a slightly sharper screen and a better camera than the Stratosphere. But it's well over a year old, more expensive, very heavy, and has a dated processor. If you don't need a keyboard, your options open up considerably, and you can get a much more advanced phone like the LG Spectrum 2?for nearly the same price as the Stratosphere II.

Source: http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/ziffdavis/pcmag/~3/_So6ZP_jRcg/0,2817,2418413,00.asp

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White Rock 2013 -- a different year! - Hancock Wildlife Foundation

?

What a difference a year makes.? All fall, winter and now spring has seen a series of disastrous happenings at the White Rock nest.? The big contrast is between the incredible cooperative effort the White Rock pair has exhibited during the past 3 seasons and this year. Each year the pair returned from migration in the same week in early October, then so cooperatively building the nest, even if Dad had to be repeatedly corrected on the way he placed branches and then with Ma laying her first egg on March 13 for the last 2 years we have had the cams running.? Their consistency has been so precise -- or coincidental!? Then comes 2013!

Not having marked birds makes the rest of the comments largely speculation -- but lets give it a shot!?
The 2013 breeding season started last fall with what appeared to be Pa arriving back from migration right on time in early October.? But no Ma for several days.? The viewers were quick to worry.? And then in comes Ma -- but not we believe the right Ma -- and Pa stood back not really accepting her.? The lack of greetings between the pair was apparent.? Then a few days later in comes a Juvie to replace the first adult female -- the one we thought was Ma.? This young lady was so obviously also viewed unfavorably by Pa. Then a few days later we had the "night fight" heard by many.? The next morning the lady in charge was a sub-adult wearing a few black feathers in the head and dark band on the tail.? Again Pa did not seem impressed with his newest lady.

There was some repair work to the nest but some period of little activity and no eggs.? After another exchange everyone thought Ma was back -- but she did not look quite right to many of us.? She was too large and bulky.? She seemed to intimidate Pa.? But to everyone's pleasant surprise the first egg appeared -- but 12 days later than in the previous two years.? Then the differences between this new female and the previous years' Ma really began to show themselves.? The new lady did not consistently sit the eggs -- she flew off the eggs for the first few nights.? And perhaps even more alarmingly, Pa was not sidling up to relieve Ma for incubation duties - something at which he had always excelled.? Pa did not seem to want to sit -- except on Ma!? This was definitely different.? While the female sat incubating, Pa would move in and copulate with the incubating hen -- sometimes repeatedly in a day. But a second egg appeared -- that seemed good.

No behavior of this pair was consistent with the behavior of last year.? The female was not sitting consistently and Pa did not seem to be at all interested in that duty.? After two or three days of this 'inattentive incubation' behavior I predicted the eggs would not hatch.? Eggs need consistent incubation and heating to first raise the egg temperature to initiate embryo development and then the development requires fairly consistent heat to maintain that development.? These eggs got neither.?

Then came disastrous April 28th -- the 34th day of incubation for the first egg, when the female gets up off the eggs and flies off.? Pa does not take over.? In comes a sub-adult, probably a female, with much different white in the head and tail patterns than any of the previous ladies of the year.? This lady then proceeds to grab at one of the eggs with? her bill and then finally picks up the egg with her right foot and moves it out of the nest cup.? With the egg in the talon she reaches down, punctures the egg and almost immediately pulls out a partially but poorly developed embryo -- and eats it!?

After picking at the embryonic remains a few seconds the invader is bowled over by attacking Ma -- who drives off the invader and stands around in obvious surprise at the changes -- she now has only one egg!? After a few moments she too picks at the embryonic materials, eats some parts and then leaves.? The "season of the females" was not a good productive year for the White Rock bald eagle territory.

So what happened?? Well who really knows?? It initially appears that possibly the original Pa did return -- the timing was similar -- but at some point, perhaps after the 3rd female came on the scene, he was replaced. Certainly his behavior with all the hens was considerably different but more different during the latter part of the season than last year.? He did not have the bond with any of the females so apparent in the previous years.? He showed no signs of being the partner in incubation -- that he so intensely pursued in the previous years.? Mounting the incubating hen was certainly different from previous years and something I had never seen or heard of.?? I believe Pa either did not return to this nest for 2013 or was replaced during the nesting season.

The multiple females were interesting and exciting -- but certainly none were displaying effective motherhood traits. The final big hen did lay a couple of eggs but had very poor incubating habits. Without a cooperative male she could not be expected to effectively incubate eggs, let alone raise young.?

I was surprised to see that the "eaten embryo" was about 10 - 12 days incubated.? So at least the female mated -- with someone!? The mating of the incubating female by the male could not have fertilized the egg as this has to happen before the yolk enters the oviduct.? An egg that is laid cannot then be fertilized.

So, have we had the opportunity to witness a new pair taking over a territory from our previous pair?? Possibly.? Have they learned some lessons to improve their chances of success for next year?? Possibly.? As most of our viewers know, other cam-viewed nests have suffered similar blows in the past couple of years.? Maybe this less efficient behavior is more common than we think.? I suspect not.? Our White Rock territory just suffered some changes -- perhaps from the presence of so many eagles competing for this prime territory.? If you were more suspicious of how the world is turning for the worst, how we humans have over-exploited the resources, how the oil residues, pesticides and heavy metals have entered our one world ocean from the Danube, the Saint Lawrence, the Mississippi, the Ganges or the Yangtze Rivers, then you might think this was more indicative of nature's reaction to that which has already befallen our salmon, our herring, our orcas or.....?

David Hancock??

More Thoughts on Embryonic Egg Development


Embryonic development initiates when the temperature of the eggs gets to a certain level -- approaching the standard temp of about 99.5 degrees F or? 37.5 degrees C? The following url give a wondrous visual opportunity to follow the development in a chicken egg -- that would hatch in 21 days, not the 35 days of the eagle:

http://www.thepoultrysite.com/articles/1459/embryonic-development-day-by-day
From viewing that brief look at the eagle lifting up and swallowing the egg content I feel the content had about 10 - 12 days of development -- and then rotting deterioration.? This would equate it to about the 6 - 8 days of the chicken embryo. My reasoning for this is:? a) An infertile egg simply dries up in the shell under the heat of the incubating birds.? b) Usually the infertile egg does not go bad or look rotten in this period of time.? c) It is the fertile egg, the one undergoing cell division, bringing in oxygen and germs from the outside through the pores that sucks in bacteria that can take over and rot the egg once the embryo dies and is not growing.? So what I believe I saw on the video was a fertile egg that had initiated development but died. The dead embryo then starts to be attacked by bacteria and deteriorates.? What we saw the female take out of the broken shell appeared to me to have some "degraded" substance more like a dead embryo than an infertile yolk.

Having myself incubated thousands of eggs of perhaps 200 species of birds, these eagle parents were not doing what was required of them -- or what an aviculturist would do to artificially incubate them.? These parents had not yet learned the right lessons -- or more discouragingly -- may have lost those talents.

Here is the url to the egg depredation video by the sub-adult eagle -- and Ma's perturbed reaction. ????

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r-N8rhVjChk
So what will happen with the last egg -- still there Wednesday morning?? Well I would have said it would almost certainly be soon predated by a raven or crow -- now I have to add in "or eaten by an egg-eating bald eagle" -- something I had not seen before.? These cams sure show up some unexpected behaviors.? It is not long since we saw the Redding, California/Turtle Bay intruder land on the nest and in moments bend down and pull the head of the newly hatched chick and swallow it.?

Are these observations more normal than we had thought before our prying cams gave us these intimate views or are behaviors changing?? In the expanded populations of eagles in the recent years are we witnessing ways of eliminating competition, a version of the lion pride owner destroying the earlier pride owner's offspring?? Doubtful but possible.? Are we witnessing just the stress from competition for food?? We have more eagles and perhaps the seasonal food supplies are shifting and eating scraps or young from someone else's nest is simply fair game for a good dinner.?

From Depression to Optomism!

Egyptian vultures specialize in eating eggs, particularly using stones to break open Ostrich eggs.? Are we seeing a throwback to old DNA patterns in our bald eagles?? Or are some eagles simply showing that versatility that typifies a very successful predator/scavenger.? If a bird has the ability to identify so many different sources of food, from hunting huge to tiny mammals, birds, reptiles or fish and even insects and amphibians and then switching to eating carrion shapes and sizes barely differentiable as "protein", perhaps we have a super survivor in the making - a new crow, raccoon, a rat -- my goodness, perhaps eagles are evolving to replace us!? So something is good in all this!

David Hancock

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Source: http://www.hancockwildlife.org/article.php/WhiteRock2013--ADifferentYear

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Wednesday, May 1, 2013

Willie Nelson smokin' in 'Hobbit' audition reel

Movies

5 hours ago

(Note: Mild vulgarity in the video.)

Mama, don't let your babies grow up to be ... orcs? Well, if Willie Nelson managed to take the role of the "Lord of the Rings'" and "The Hobbit's" Gandalf away from Ian McKellen, the script would need a little rewriting.

In a video on Conan O'Brien's "Team Coco" YouTube channel, Nelson gave audiences a taste ? or a puff ? of what he'd be like as the pipe-smoking wizard. "You shall not pass ... an unlit joint!" he intones in the video, posted Monday. "That's just not cool."

Nelson ? wearing a large floppy hat, wielding a walking stick/wand and smoking away (the one area of research we can all guarantee he's done for the role) is a hoot ? and keep an eye out for his son Micah Nelson as Bilbo Baggins.

And you know, if this doesn't pan out for Nelson (who turns 80 on Tuesday), as he notes: He'd happily step into another McKellen role ? as Magneto.

Source: http://www.today.com/entertainment/willie-nelson-smokin-audition-reel-hobbit-6C9682722

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